1040s
The 1040s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1040, and ended on December 31, 1049.
Events
1040
By place
Europe
Britain
Islamic world
Religion
1041
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
- March 17 – Battle of Olivento: Norman troops and their Lombard allies, led by William I (Iron Arm), are victorious against the Byzantines at the feet of the Monte Vulture, near the River Olivento in Apulia.
- May 4 – Battle of Montemaggiore: Lombard-Norman rebel forces, led by William I, are again victorious, and defeat a Byzantine army (18,000 men) on a hill named Montemaggiore, near the River Ofanto.
- September 3 – Battle of Montepeloso: Lombard-Norman rebel forces, led by William I, defeat the Byzantines at Montepeloso. During the battle, Boioannes, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, is captured.
- Winter – Battle of Ostrovo: The Byzantines, with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada (future king of Norway), defeat the Bulgarian troops, near Lake Ostrovo in Greece.
England
- Edward the Confessor returns to England from exile in Normandy, to become the heir of his half-brother Harthacnut, as king of England. He reduces the navy from 60 to 32 ships, due to the tax burden.
- The city of Worcester rebels against the taxes of Harthacnut. Edward enlists the help of Earl Godwin of Wessex (to support him in the right to claim the English throne) and marries his daughter Edith.
Africa
Asia
- The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022, when there were a million soldiers (approximate date).
1042
By place
Byzantine Empire
- April 19 – Emperor Michael V Kalaphates banishes his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoë, for plotting to poison him, to the island of Principo. His announcement as sole emperor leads to a popular revolt.
- April 20 – Zoë is proclaimed as empress at an assembly in Hagia Sophia, along with her sister Theodora, as co-ruler. Michael V flees to the monastery of Stoudios, but is arrested, blinded and castrated.
- Zoë recalls Synodianos, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, and replaces him with George Maniakes (the disgraced head of the Sicilian campaign). All of Apulia is in the hands of the Lombard rebels.
- June 11 – Zoë marries her third husband, a Byzantine bureaucrat who ascends as co-emperor Constantine IX at Constantinople. Theodora agrees to surrender her co-emperorship.
- Summer – George Maniakes goes on a march through Apulia, plundering the towns that have declared for the Lombard rebels. Constantine IX recalls Maniakes to Constantinople.
- George Maniakes revolts against Constantine IX and is declared emperor by his troops. He captures Pardos who has landed with an army at Otranto to take over his command.
- Byzantine–Arab War: The Byzantines reconquer the fortress city of Edessa (modern Turkey), returning it to Christian hands, after 400 years of Islamic rule (approximate date).
- Duklja secures its independence from the Byzantine Empire.
Europe
England
Islamic world
1043
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
England
Arabian Empire
Africa
Asia
1044
By place
Europe
Asia
Religion
1045
- January 20 – Pope Sylvester III becomes the 146th pope, succeeding Benedict IX, who abdicated during the previous year.
- January 23 – Edward the Confessor, King of England, marries Edith of Wessex, and begins construction of Westminster Abbey in England.
- February – Pope Sylvester III is deposed (election deemed invalid); Pope Benedict IX is elected once more, becoming the 147th pope.
- February 5 – Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.
- May 5 – Pope Gregory VI becomes the 148th pope, following the resignation of Pope Benedict IX in exchange for money. There are growing allegations that simony is taking place during Gregory VI's reign.
- Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.
- The Qingli Reforms, put forth by the Chinese statesman Fan Zhongyan in 1043, are halted by their conservative ministerial peers, but will later influence reform efforts under Wang Anshi.
- The Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia is surrendered to the Eastern Roman Empire, ending the Kingdom.
1046
By place
Europe
Britain
Asia
- Bao Zheng (Lord Bao), a Chinese government officer during the reign of Emperor Ren Zong of the Song Dynasty, writes a memorial to the throne. He warns about governmental corruption – and a foreseeable bankruptcy of the Chinese iron industry – if increasingly poorer families continued to be listed on the register for iron-smelting households (while rich households avoid being listed for fear of financial calamity). Apparently the government heeds the warning, and produces more iron products by the year 1078 than China ever had before.
- Munjong is crowned the 11th king of Goryeo (Korea).
Exploration
Religion
1047
By place
Byzantine Empire
- September 25–28 – Rebel general Leo Tornikios (a nephew of Emperor Constantine IX) proclaims himself emperor at Adrianople, and besieges Constantinople. Byzantine troops personally led by Constantine repel him, and re-occupy the walls. Tornikios is forced to withdraw, while his followers start to abandon him. Finally, he is captured at a church in Boulgarophygon (modern Turkey), and is publicly blinded.
- Winter – Constantine IX allows the Pecheneg tribes to cross the Danube River, and to settle permanently in Byzantine territory. He buys their alliance with presents, using them to attack his enemies (Bulgars and Magyars) in the rear, and so to prevent any southward advance of the Kievan Rus'.
Europe
Religion
1048
By place
Byzantine Empire
- September 18 – Battle of Kapetron: A combined Byzantine-Georgian army, under Byzantine generals Aaronios and Katakalon Kekaumenos (supported by the Georgian duke Liparit IV), confronts the invading Seljuk Turks, led by Ibrahim Inal (a half-brother of Sultan Tughril), at Kapetron (near modern-day Pasinler). The Byzantines defeat their opposing Turkish forces in the flanks, but in the centre Ibrahim Inal captures Liparit, and can safely withdraw from Byzantine territory, laden with spoils and captives, including Liparit.
- Winter – Emperor Constantine IX sends an embassy with gifts and a ransom, to release Liparit IV to Tughril. However, the sultan sets Liparit free, on the condition that he will never again fight the Seljuks.
Europe
England
China
Religion
1049
By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
British Isles
Africa
Asia
Religion
Significant people
Births
1040
- February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and writer (d. 1105)
- July 12 – Yun Kwan, Korean general (d. 1111)
- Adelaide of Hungary, duchess of Bohemia (d. 1062)
- Alan Rufus, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Alfonso VI, king of León and Castile (approximate date)
- Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid emir of Seville (d. 1095)
- Arnold of Soissons, French bishop (approximate date)
- Blessed Gerard, founder of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1120)
- Bonfilius, bishop of Foligno (approximate date)
- Conrad I, count of Luxembourg (approximate date)
- Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (d. 1112)
- Ernulf, French Benedictine monk and bishop (d. 1124)
- Gebhard III, bishop of Constance (approximate date)
- Geoffrey III, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Géza I (Magnus), king of Hungary (approximate date)
- Guglielmo Embriaco, Genoese merchant (d. 1102)
- Haziga of Diessen, German countess (approximate date)
- Harald III, king of Denmark (approximate date)
- Herman I, margrave of Baden (approximate date)
- Hugh I, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Hugh of Die, French bishop (approximate date)
- Ibn Aqil, Persian theologian and jurist (d. 1119)
- Ida of Lorraine, French countess (approximate date)
- Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (approximate date)
- Ladislaus I, king of Hungary (approximate date)
- Oddone Frangipane, Italian monk and hermit (d. 1127)
- Odo I (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1086)
- Roger I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Sikelgaita, Lombard duchess of Apulia (d. 1090)
- Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman (d. 1094)
- Xiao Guanyin, empress of the Liao Dynasty (d. 1075)
- Zayn al-Din Gorgani, Persian physician (d. 1136)
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
- May 18 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and poet (d. 1131)
- May 25 – Shen Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1085)
- Alexios I (Komnenos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1118)
- Arwa al-Sulayhi, queen and co-ruler of Yemen (d. 1138)
- Domnall Ua Lochlainn, High King of Ireland (d. 1121)
- Harding of Bristol, English sheriff reeve (approximate date)
- Magnus II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)
- Matilda of Germany, duchess of Swabia (d. 1060)
- Peter I, Italian nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1078)
- Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer and poet (d. 1141)
- Turgot of Durham, Scottish bishop (approximate date)
1049
Deaths
1040
- January 17 – Mas'ud I, Ghaznavid sultan (b. 998)
- March 3 – Cunigunde, Holy Roman Empress
- March 17 – Harold Harefoot, king of England
- May 29 – Renauld I, French nobleman
- June 21 – Fulk III, French nobleman (b. 970)
- August 14 – Duncan I, king of Scotland
- October 1 – Alan III, duke of Brittany (b. 997)
- Abu Hashim al-Hasan, Zaidi imam and ruler of Jemen
- Abu Nasr Mushkan, Persian statesman (or 1039)
- Ali Daya, Ghaznavid commander-in-chief
- Begtoghdi, Ghaznavid commander-in-chief
- Bertha of Milan, Lombard duchess (approximate date)
- Dietrich I, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)
- Gilbert, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Helias of Cologne, Irish abbot and musician
- Hugh, Italian nobleman (approximate date)
- Hugh I, count of Empúries and Peralada
- Ibn al-Haytham, Arab astronomer (approximate date)
- John V, duke of Gaeta (approximate date)
- Maria of Amalfi, Lombard duchess (approximate date)
- Nikephoros Dokeianos, Byzantine general
- Unsuri, Persian poet and writer (or 1039)
- Yeshe-Ö, Tibetan lama-king (approximate date)
1041
- February 4 – Fujiwara no Kintō, Japanese poet (b. 966)
- December 10 – Michael IV, Byzantine emperor (b. 1010)
- Adolf II of Lotharingia, German nobleman (b. 1002)
- Akazome Emon, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)
- Eadwulf IV, ruler of Bamburgh
- Edmund of Durham (or Eadmund), English bishop
- Gangeyadeva, Indian ruler of the Kalachuri Dynasty
- Mac Beathaidh mac Ainmire, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
- Muhammad, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (b. 998)
- Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar, Buyid emir
- Peter Delyan, Bulgarian rebel leader and ruler (tsar)
- Sampiro, Spanish bishop, politician and intellectual
- Tancred of Hauteville, Norman nobleman (b. 980)
- Vikramabahu (or Kassapa), king of Sri Lanka (b. 1017)
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
- January 24 – Eckard II (or Ekkehard), German nobleman (b. 985)
- February 26 – Fujiwara no Sanesuke, Japanese nobleman (b. 957)
- June 24 – Jeongjong II, king of Goryeo (b. 1018)
- July 18 – Elijah, bishop of Beth Nuhadra (b. 975)
- Art Uallach Ua Ruairc, king of Connacht
- Bystrík (or Bestricus), Hungarian bishop
- Eido II (or Egidius), bishop of Meissen (or 1045)
- Geoffrey II, count of Gâtinais (approximate date)
- Gerard of Csanád, Hungarian missionary-bishop
- Gothelo II, duke of Lower Lorraine (b. 1008)
- Lyfing of Winchester, English abbot and bishop
- Oliba, Spanish count, abbot and bishop
- Richard of Verdun, French abbot (b. 970)
- William I (Iron Arm), Norman nobleman
1047
- June 16 – Poppo, archbishop of Trier
- August 29 – Ælfwine, bishop of Winchester
- September 7 – Otto II, duke of Swabia
- October 9 – Clement II, pope of the Catholic Church
- October 16 – Henry VII, German nobleman
- October 25 – Magnus I (the Good), king of Norway
- Æthelstan of Abingdon, English abbot (or 1048)
- Gerard Flaitel, Norman nobleman and knight
- Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready
- Grimketel, English clergyman and bishop
- Humbert I, founder of the House of Savoy (or 1048)
- Levente, Hungarian nobleman (House of Árpád)
- Miecław (or Miesław), Polish nobleman
- Nripa Kama II, Indian king (Hoysala Empire)
- Raymond III, count of Pallars Jussà
- Rodulfus Glaber, French chronicler (b. 985)
- Stephen II, count of Troyes and Meaux
1048
- January 25 – Poppo, abbot of Stavelot-Malmedy (b. 977)
- June 1 – Minamoto no Yorinobu, Japanese samurai (b. 968)
- June 7 – Berno of Reichenau, German abbot
- August 9 – Damasus II, pope of the Catholic Church
- November 11 – Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine (b. 1000)
- December 9 – Al-Biruni, Persian scholar and polymath (b. 973)
- Æthelstan of Abingdon, English abbot (or 1047)
- Cenn Fáelad Ua Cúill, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
- Humbert I, founder of the House of Savoy (or 1047)
- Jing Zong, Chinese empress of Western Xia (b. 1003)
- Mael Fabhaill Ua hEidhin, king of Hy Fiachrach
- Rainulf II (Trincanocte), Italo-Norman nobleman
1049
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