Bentham & Hooker system

Frontispiece of 1862 edition of Genera plantarum

A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.

George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The Genera plantarum classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.

Summary

The system recognises the following main groups:

• Class DICOTYLEDONES
  • DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
    • Series 1. Thalamiflorae Series 2. Disciflorae Series 3. Calyciflorae
  • DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
    • Series 1. Inferae Series 2. Heteromerae Series 3. Bicarpellatae
  • DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
• Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
• Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)

Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system

Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ICBN provides for this

Dicotyledonae

Dicotyledonae

• DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ COHORS I. RANALES I. RANUNCULACEÆ II. DILLENIACEAE III. CALYCANTHACEÆ IV. MAGNOLIACEAE V. ANONACEAE VI. MENISPERMACEÆ VII. BERBERIDACEÆ VIII. NYMPHÆACEAE COHORS II. PARIETALES IX. SARRACENIACEAE X. PAPAVERACEAE XI. CRUCIFERAE XII. CAPPARIDEAE XIII. RESEDACEAE XIV. CISTINEAE XV. VIOLARIEAE p. 114 4 tribes XVI. CANELLACEAE XVII. BIXINEAE COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ XIX. TREMANDREAE XX. POLYGALAE XXa. VOCHYSIACEAE COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ XXIII. PORTULACEÆ XXIV. TAMARISCINEÆ COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES XXV. ELATINEÆ XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ XXX. CHLENACEÆ COHORS VI. MALVALES XXXI. MALVACEÆ XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ XXXIII. TILIACEÆ SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ COHORS VII. GERANIALES XXXIV LINEÆ XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ XXXIX. RUTACEÆ XL. SIMARUBEÆ XLI. OCHNACEÆ XLII. BURSERACEÆ XLIII. MELIACEÆ XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ COHORS VIII. OLACALES XLV. OLACINEÆ XLVI. ILICINEÆ COHORS IX. CELASTRALES XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ XLVIII. STACKHOUSIEÆ XLIX. RHAMNEÆ L. AMPELIDEÆ COHORS X. SAPINDALES LI. SAPINDACEÆ LII. SABIACEÆ LIII. ANACARDIACEÆ ORDINES V. POTIUS GENERA ANOMALA LIV. CORIARIEÆ LV. MORINGEÆ SERIES III. CALYCIFLORÆ COHORS XI. ROSALES LVI. CONNARACEÆ LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ LVIII. ROSACEÆ LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ LX. CRASSULACEÆ LXI. DROSERACEÆ LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ LXIV. HALORAGEÆ COHORS XII. MYRTALES LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ LXVII. MYRTACEÆ LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ LXXII. LOASEÆ LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ LXXVII. DATISCEÆ COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES LXXVIII. CACTEÆ LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ COHORS XV. UMBELLALES LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ LXXXII. CORNACEÆ
• DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II SERIES I. INFERÆ COHORS I. RUBIALES LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ COHORS II. ASTERALES LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ COHORS III. CAMPANALES LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ XC. GOODENOVIEÆ XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ COHORS IV ERICALES XCII. VACCINIACEÆ XCIII. ERICACEÆ XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ XCV. EPACRIDEÆ XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ XCVII. LENNOACEÆ COHORS V. PRIMULALES XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ C. MYRSINEÆ COHORS VI. EBENALES CI. SAPOTACEÆ CII. EBENACEÆ CIII. STYRACEÆ SERIES III. BICARPELLATÆ COHORS VII. GENTIANALES CIV. OLEACEÆ CV. SALVADORACEÆ CVI. APOCYNACEÆ CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ CIX. GENTIANEÆ COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES CX. POLEMONIACEÆ CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ CXII. BORAGINEÆ CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ CXIV. SOLANACEÆ COHORS IX. PERSONALES CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ CXIX. GESNERACEÆ CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ CXXI. PEDALINEÆ CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ COHORS X. LAMIALES CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ CXXV. VERBENACEÆ CXXVI. LABIATÆ incertae sedis CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ
• DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III Series I. Curvembryeæ CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ Series IV. Microembryeæ CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ Series V. Daphnales CXLIII. LAURINEÆ CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ CL. BALANOPHOREÆ Series VII. Unisexuales CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ CLII. BALANOPEÆ CLIII. URTICACEÆ CLIV. PLATANACEÆ CLV. LEITNERIEÆ CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ CLVII. MYRICACEÆ CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ Series VIII. Ordines anomali (incertae sedis) CLX. SALICINEÆ CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ
• 'GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1) CLXIV. GNETACEÆ CLXV. CONIFERÆ CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ

Gymnosperms

• vol III
• Family:-

1> Gnetaceae 2> Coniferae 3> Cycadaceae

Monocotyledons

Monocotyledons

• Summary pp viii–xi
• MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448

Series I. Microspermæ p. 448

• CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆp. 448 CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460

Series II Epigynæ p. 636

• CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636 CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657 CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671 CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681 3 tribes CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 tribes I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716 II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735 IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737 V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739 CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740 CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741

Series III Coronarieæ p. 746

• CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746 CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763 Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763 Tribus II Asparageae p. 764 Tribus III Luzuriageae Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768 Tribus V Convallariae Tribus VI Aspidistreae Tribus VII Hemerocalleae Tribus VIII Aloineae
• ... Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795 Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798 Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798 Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804 Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806 Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807 Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816 Tribus XV Colchiceae
• ... Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834 CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836 CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840 CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841 CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843 CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844 CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857

Series VI Calycineæ p. 860

• CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ CLXXXVII. PALMÆ

Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949

• CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ CXC TYPHACEÆ CXCI. AROIDEÆ CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000

Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001

• CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003 CXCV. NAIADACEÆ

Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019

• CXCVI. ERIOCAULEÆ CXCVII. CENTROLEPIDEÆ p. 1025 CXCVIII. RESTIACEÆ CXCIX. CYPERACEÆ CC. GRAMINEÆ

See also

• Gamopetalae
• Heteromerae
• Monochlamydeae

References

1. ^ a b Singh 2010, Bentham & Hooker pp. 308–312
2. ^ Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883.
3. ^ Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883, Scitamineae pp. 636–657

Bibliography

• Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). London: L Reeve & Co. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  • 1 Part 1 Index p.441
• Bentham, George (February 1877). "On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 15 (88): 490–520. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x.
• Singh, Gurcharan (2010). Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach (3 ed.). Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1578083510. Retrieved 23 January 2014.

v t e List of systems of plant taxonomy
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.
Pre-Linnaean John Ray system (1686–1704) A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-Darwinian Linnaean system (1735–51) Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica Adanson system (1763) Familles naturelles des plantes De Jussieu system (1789) Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam De Candolle system (1819–24) Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823) O Prirozenosti Rostlin Agardh system (1825) Classes Plantarum Gray system (1821) The Natural Arrangement of British Plants Perleb system (1826) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs Dumortier system (1829) Analyse des familles des plantes Lindley system (1830–45) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom Don system (1834) General History of Dichlamydious Plants. Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83) Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Baillon system (1867–94) Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic) Nineteenth century Eichler system (1875–1886) Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Engler system (1886–1924) Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich van Tieghem system (1891) Traité de botanique Twentieth century Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07) Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta Warming system (1912) Haandbog i den systematiske botanik Hallier system (1912) L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes Bessey system (1915) The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants Wettstein system (1901–35) Handbuch der systematischen Botanik Lotsy system (1907–11) Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. Hutchinson system (1926–73) The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny Calestani system (1933) Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme Kimura system (1956) Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones Emberger system (1960) Traité de Botanique systématique Melchior system (1964) Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Takhtajan system (1966–97) A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants Cronquist system (1968–81) The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants Goldberg system (1986–89 Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons Dahlgren system (1975–85) The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy Thorne system (1968–2000) An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants Kubitzki system (1990–) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Reveal system (1997) Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Chase & Reveal System (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also Plantae at Wikispecies •