Chamdo languages
In this article, Chamdo languages will be approached from different perspectives, with the aim of providing a comprehensive and complete vision of this topic/title/person. From its impact on society to its relevance today, various aspects will be explored that will allow the reader to delve into its study in detail. Statistical data, analysis, expert opinions and testimonies from people involved in Chamdo languages will be presented, with the purpose of offering a broad and enriching vision that contributes to a deep understanding of this topic/title/person. Throughout this article, we will reflect on its importance in various contexts and propose possible solutions, challenges and opportunities that Chamdo languages currently presents.
| Chamdo | |
|---|---|
| Chamdoic | |
| Geographic distribution | Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | cham1336 |
The Chamdo languages are a group of recently discovered, closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet.[1][2][3] Their position within the Sino-Tibetan language family is currently uncertain.
Languages
The Chamdo languages are:[4]
Classification
Jiang (2022) provides the following computational phylogenetic classification of the Chamdo languages.[5]
| Chamdo |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lexical comparison
Nyima & Suzuki (2019)
Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019):[4]
| Gloss | Larong | Drag-yab | gSerkhu | Lamo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | ˊte khɯ | ˊtɛ | ˊtɕɛ | ˉdə |
| two | ˊne | ˊne | ˊna | ˉna |
| three | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˉsɔ̰̃ |
| four | ˊɣə | ˉʑe | ˊli | ˉlə̰ |
| five | ˉŋa | ˊŋɑ | ˊɴɑ | ˉɴwə̰˞ |
| six | ˊtɕhu | ˉntɕho | ˊtɕhu | ˊtɕi |
| seven | ˊn̥i | ˉȵ̊e | ˊȵ̊ɛ | ˉn̥i |
| eight | ˊɕe | ˉɕe | ˊɕɛ | ˉɦdʑə |
| nine | ˊɦgɯ | ˉɴɢo | ˊku | ˉŋgo |
| ten | ˉʔa qõ | ˊɦa̰ qo | ˉχɑ | |
| eleven | ˉʔa’ tə | ˊɦa̰ tɛ | ˉhtɕo htɕiʔ | |
| twelve | ˉʔa’ ne | ˊɦa̰ ne | ˉhtɕo ɦȵi | |
| thirteen | ˉʔɔ’ sɔ̃ | ˊɦa̰ sɔ̃ | ˉhtɕu hsɔ̃ | |
| fourteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɣə | ˊɦa̰ ʑe | ˉhtɕʉ ɦʑə | |
| fifteen | ˉʔɑ’ ɴɑ | ˊɦa̰ ɴɑ̰ | ˉhtɕɛ ɦŋa | |
| sixteen | ˉʔo’ tɕhu | ˊɦa̰ntɕho | ˉhtɕu ʈuʔ | |
| seventeen | ˉʔɔ’ ȵ̊e | ˊɦa̰ȵ̊e | ˉhtɕu ɦdʉ̃ | |
| eighteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɕɛ | ˊɦa̰ ɕe | ˉhtɕu ɦdʑɛʔ | |
| nineteen | ˉʔɛ’ ɴɢə | ˊɦa̰ɴɢo | ˉhtɕu ɦgu | |
| twenty | ˉnɑ | ˊnɑ | ˊȵi ɕu |
Suzuki & Nyima (2018)
Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items for Lamo, Larong, and Drag-yab.[1]
The lexical data below is based on the following dialects.
- Kyilwa 格瓦 dialect of Lamo
- Tangre Chaya 达日 (sMarkhams) and Phagpa 坝巴 (mDzogang) dialects of Larong
- Razi 热孜 dialect of Drag-yab
- Cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bitter | qa˥ qʰɛ˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 2 | cry | qo˧˥ | qo̰˧˥ | qə˧˥ |
| 3 | earth | ndzɔ̰˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ | ndza˧˥ |
| 4 | eat | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ |
| 5 | house | tɕi˥ | tɕo˥ | tɕẽ˧˥ |
| 6 | blood | se˥ | se˥ | sɛ˥ |
| 7 | needle | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ |
| 8 | cow | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋu˧˥ |
| 9 | wait | ɦlḭ˥ | ɦle˥ | ɦli˥ |
| 10 | horse | re˧˥ | re˥ | re˧˥ |
| 11 | salt | tsʰo˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 12 | six | tɕi˧˥ | tɕʰu˧˥ | tɕʰu˥ |
| 13 | meat | tɕʰi˧˥ | ɲtɕʰi˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰə˧˥ |
| 14 | you | nə˥ | ɲe˥ | ɲa˥ |
| 15 | seven | n̥i˥ | n̥i˧˥ | ɲ̥e˥ |
| 16 | hand | lu˧˥ | ndi˥ | nde˧˥ |
| 17 | butter | jwɚ̰˥ | wa˥ | we˧˥ |
| 18 | head | wɔ̰˥ | wɔ̰˥ | ʁo̰˧˥ |
| 19 | eye | məʔ˥ do˧ | ɦɲi˥ | ɲə˥ |
| 20 | nose | n̥ʉ˥ | ɲ̥u˥ | n̥a˥ rə˧ |
| 21 | tongue | ʰl̥ə˥ | ndə̰˥ | mda˧˥ |
| 22 | tooth | xʉ˧˥ | ʰl̥i˧˥ | xɯ˧˥ |
| 23 | milk | χɔ̰˧˥ | ʰl̥ɔ̰˥ | χl̥ɔ̰˧ |
| 24 | moon | le˥ | ɦli˥ | ɦla̰˧ jḭ˧ |
- Non-cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | mouth | ɲ̥tɕʰu˥ to˧ (< Tibetan) | mu˧˥ | ɕi˧˥ |
| 26 | foot | siʔ˥ ka˧ | ŋɡɯ˧˥ | pʰə˥ ndɯ˧ |
| 27 | liver | se˥ | je˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰĩ˥ mbi˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 28 | laugh | ɦɡɛ (< Tibetan) | n̥tsʰə˧˥ | ʁə˥ |
| 29 | sleep | nə˥ ɦgɯ˧ | jṵ˧˥ | nə˧˥ mḛ˧ |
| 30 | child | no˥ no˧ | n̥tʰe˥ | ɲa˧˥ |
| 31 | take | le˧˥ | ɣi˧˥ | tɕʰõ˥ |
| 32 | search | xɯ˥ | ɦzɔ̃˥ | ɲə˧˥ ŋo˧ |
| 33 | forget | nɛ˧˥ tʰa˥ | ɦmɛ˥ | ɣə˧˥ ɦmu˧ se˧ |
| 34 | sky | ɦnɑ˥ (< Tibetan) | ŋo˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 35 | sun | nə˥ | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˧˥ me˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 36 | red | ɦmaʔ ɦma˧ (< Tibetan) | nḛ˥ nḛ˧ | ndja̰˥ |
| 37 | body hair | ʰpu˥ (< Tibetan) | mɔ˧˥ | mo̰˧˥ |
| 38 | urine | qo˥ | pi˧˥ | bi˧˥ |
| 39 | look | ʈu˥ | ŋi˧˥ | tʰa˧˥ ŋɛ̃˧ |
| 40 | person | mə˧˥ | ŋʉ˥ nɛ̰˧ | ɦŋɯʔ˥ ɲi˧ |
| 41 | male | no˥ | zə˧˥ | zə˧˥ |
| 42 | daughter | nu˧˥ mo˧ | m̥e˧˥ | m̥ə˧˥ |
| 43 | road | tɕə˥ | rɛ˥ | ra˧˥ |
| 44 | fear | ɦlɛ˥ | ɦɣe˥ | ɣe˧˥ |
| 45 | be born | no˥ mbə˧ | ndzə˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ |
| 46 | go | xɯ˥ | n̥tʰõ˥ | n̥tʰɛ̃˥ |
| 47 | shout | kəʔ˥ ɕi˧ | rɛ˥ | rḛ˧˥ |
| 48 | four | lə̰˥ | ɦɣə˧˥ (< Tibetan) | ɦɣe˧˥ (< Tibetan) |
| 49 | eight | ɦdʑə˥ (< Tibetan) | ɕe˧˥ | ɕa˥ |
| 50 | ten | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʔa˥ qõ˧ | ɦa̰˧˥ ʁõ˧ |
| 51 | twenty | ɲe˧˥ qɑ˧ | nɑ˧˥ | nɑ˧˥ |
| 52 | be sick | ŋo˥ | nø̰˧˥ | nɛ˧˥ ŋa˧ |
| 53 | rain | mo˧˥ | tsu˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 54 | wear | to˧˥ ŋɡʉ˧ | ŋɡu˥ | qe˧˥ |
| 55 | wind | mɛ̰˥ | ŋɑ˧˥ mi˧ | ɦdʑa˧˥ ɦɡə˧ rə˧ |
| 56 | wipe | nə˥ ɕə˧ | ɕḛ̃˥ | xɔ̰˧˥ |
Changdu Gazetteer (2005)
The Changdu Gazetteer (2005: 819)[6] provides the following comparative data in Tibetan script. The table below uses Wylie romanization. English translations for the Chinese glosses are also provided.
| English gloss | Chinese gloss | Lhasa Tibetan | Khams Tibetan (Chamdo) |
Lamo (Dongba 东坝话) |
Larong (Rumei 如美话) |
Drag-yab (Zesong 则松话) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| house | 房子 | ཁང་པ (khang pa) | ཁོང་པ (khong pa) | ཅིས (cis) | ཅོང (cong) | ཅིམ (cim) |
| chhaang (Tibetan alcohol) | 青稞酒 | ཆང (chang) | ཆོང (chong) | ཨོས (os) | ཆང (chang) | དགེས (dges) |
| hand | 手 | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལུའུ (lu'u) | འདིས ('dis) | འདིས ('dis) |
| ride horse | 骑马 | རྟ་བཞོན (rta bzhon) | རྟ་ཀྱ (rta kya) | རིས་གྱིས (ris gyis) | རེ་གག (re gag) | རེའུ་ན་ཚེམ (re'u na tshem) |
| hat | 帽子 | ཞྭ་མོ (zhwa mo) | ཞ་མགོ (zha mgo) | ཇའ (ja'a) | དེའུ (de'u) | དེའུ (de'u) |
| eat rice | 吃饭 | ཁ་ལག་ཟས (kha lag zas) | ཟ་མ་ཟ (za ma za) | ཆོག་ཅོག་ཏོས (chog cog tos) | གཟིས་མའི་མཛད (gzis ma'i mdzad) | གཟིན་ཐོ་འམ (gzin tho 'am) |
| sheep | 绵羊 | ལུག (lug) | ལུག (lug) | ཡིས (yis) | ལའ (la'a) | ལྭའུ (lwa'u) |
| beautiful | 漂亮 | སྙིང་རྗེ་མོ (snying rje mo) | གཅེས་ལི་མ (gces li ma) | ཀ་ཞིས་ཉིས (ka zhis nyis) | དངེས་ཡིས (dnges yis) | དངུད་ལུ (dngud lu) |
| donkey | 毛驴 | བོང་བུ (bong bu) | ཀུ་རུ (ku ru) | བ་ཅི (ba ci) | ཅོའུ (co'u) | གུའུའུ (gu'u'u) |
| salt | 盐 | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚོག་ཏི (tshog ti) | ཚེའུ (tshe'u) | ཚྭའུ (tshwa'u) |
| swell | 肿 | སྐྲངས་པ (skrangs pa) | སྐྲོང་པ (skrong pa) | སྐྲེ་བེ (skre be) | དུ་རགས (du rags) | དུའུ་རམས (du'u rams) |
| head | 头 | མགོ (mgo) | མགོ (mgo) | དབུ (dbu) | དབོག (dbog) | གཞོག (gzhog) |
| child | 小孩 | སྤུ་གུ (spu gu) | ཉོག (nyog) | ཉོག་ཉོག (nyog nyog) | ཐད (thad) | ཆ་ཆོག (cha chog) |
| dry beef | 干牛肉 | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | བྱིས་རོ (byis ro) | ཆེས་རོང་རོང (ches rong rong) | ཆོའུ་རིམ་རིམ (cho'u rim rim) |
| What is this? | 这是什么 | དེ་ག་རེ་རེད (de ga re red) | འདི་ཆི་རེད་ལས ('di chi red las) | ཏེ་ཧ་ཆོས (te ha chos) | ཨེ་ཏི་ཐོའུ (e ti tho'u) | ཙེ་དུ་ཁྱི (tse du khyi) |
| Where are you going? | 你去哪里 | རང་ག་བ་འགྲོ་ག (rang ga ba 'gro ga) | ཁྱོད་ག་ན་འགྲོ་ཇི (khyod ga na 'gro ji) | ནི་རི་ཧི་ལོ་ཤས (ni ri hi lo shas) | གནད་མདོ་ཧུ་ནུ་ངོག (gnad mdo hu nu ngog) | འདེ་རུ་ཧེན ('de ru hen) |
| crazy person | 疯子 | སྨྱོན་པ (smyon pa) | མྱོན་པ (myon pa) | འ་རོ ('a ro) | སྨྱོན་འབས (smyon 'bas) | ཡ་རོག (ya rog) |
| crow (bird) | 乌鸦 | པུ་རོག (pu rog) | ཁ་ཏ (kha ta) | ཕོ་རོག (pho rog) | ཁ་གཏེ (kha gte) | ཕུའུ་རོག (phu'u rog) |
| Thank you. | 谢谢 | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ (thugs rje che) | ཡག་བྲུང (yag brung) | བྱུ་ནུ་པུ་ང་ཉིད་གུ་ནི་ད (byu nu pu nga nyid gu ni da) | དེ་སྒྲ་དགེ (de sgra dge) | ཏི་སྒྲ་དགེ (ti sgra dge) |
References
- ^ a b Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
- ^ Zhao, Haoliang. 2018. A brief introduction to Zlarong, a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
- ^ Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan.
- ^ a b Tashi Nyima; Hiroyuki Suzuki (2019). "Newly recognised languages in Chamdo: Geography, culture, history, and language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (1): 38–81. doi:10.1075/ltba.18004.nyi. ISSN 0731-3500. S2CID 198090294.
- ^ Jiang, Huo 江荻 (2022). "Linguistic diversity and classification in Tibet 西藏的语言多样性及其分类". Zhongguo Zangxue 中国藏学. 6. Retrieved 2023-03-16 – via Chinese Tibetology Center 中国藏学研究中心.
- ^ Xizang Changdu Diqu Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui 西藏昌都地区地方志编纂委员会 (2005). Changdu Diquzhi 昌都地区志. Beijing: Fangzhi Chubanshe 方志出版社.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||