Joseph Proust
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Joseph Louis Proust |
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Born | Joseph Louis Proust (1754-09-26)26 September 1754 Angers, France |
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Died | 5 July 1826(1826-07-05) (aged 71) Angers, France |
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Occupation | Chemist |
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Joseph Louis Proust (26 September 1754 – 5 July 1826) was a French chemist. He was best known for his discovery of the law of definite proportions in 1794, stating that chemical compounds always combine in constant proportions.
Life
Joseph-Louis Proust was born on 26 September 1754 in Angers, France. His father served as an apothecary in Angers. Joseph studied chemistry in his father's shop and later went to Paris where he gained the appointment of apothecary in chief to the Salpêtrière. He also taught chemistry with Pilâtre de Rozier, a famous aeronaut.
Under Carlos IV's influence Proust went to Spain. There he taught at the Chemistry School in Segovia and at the University of Salamanca.
But when Napoleon invaded Spain, they burned Proust's laboratory and forced him back to France. On 5 July 1826 he died in Angers, France. The mineral proustite (Ag3AsS3) is named in his honour.
Chemistry studies
Proust's largest accomplishment in the realm of science was disproving Berthollet with the law of definite proportions, which is sometimes also known as Proust's Law. Proust studied copper carbonate, the two tin oxides, and the two iron sulfides to prove this law. He did this by making artificial copper carbonate and comparing it to natural copper carbonate. With this he showed that each had the same proportion of weights between the three elements involved (Cu, C, O). Between the two types of the other compounds, Proust showed that no intermediate compounds exist between them. Proust published this paper in 1794, but the law was not accepted until 1812, when the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius gave him credit for it.
There are, however, exceptions to the Law of Definite Proportions. An entire class of substances does not follow this rule. The compounds are called non-stoichiometric compounds, or Berthollides, after Berthollet. The ratio of the elements present in the compound can fluctuate within certain limits, such as for example ferrous oxide. The ideal formula is FeO, but due to crystallographic vacancies it is reduced to about Fe0.95O.
Proust was also interested in studying the sugars that are present in sweet vegetables and fruits. In 1799, Proust demonstrated, to his class in Madrid, how the sugar in grapes is identical to that found in honey.
Works
- Joseph Louis Proust (1794). "Recherches sur le Bleu de Prusse" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 2: 334–341.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1798). "Analyse d'une Mine d'Argent d'Amérique" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 3: 389–391.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1799). "Sur la manganèse des cendres végétales" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 48: 469.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1800). "Recherches sur l'étain" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 51: 173–184.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1801). "Faits détachés sur la platine" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 52: 409–438.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1801). "Mémoire sur les oeufs pétrifiés trouvés aux environs de Terruel en Arragon" . 53: 317–320. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
- Joseph Louis Proust (1802). "Sur les sulfures natifs et artificiels du fer" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 54: 89–96.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1803). "Sur le nickel" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 57: 169–174.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Extrait d'une Lettre du Professeur Proust à J.-C. Delamétherie" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 66.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur le bouillon d'os" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 114–122.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur les sulfures métalliques" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 260–265.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur les sulfures alkalins" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 265–273.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur les oxidations métalliques" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 321–342.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur le sulfate de cuivre, au minimum d'acide" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 343–350.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1804). "Sur les muriates de cuivre verd et blanc" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 59: 350–355.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1805). "Étain et muriate d'ammoniaque" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 61: 338–349.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1806). "Sur l'utilité du Lichen d'Islande, comme aliment" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 63: 81–97.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1807). "Recherches sur les moyens de remplacer économiquement la corde à feu dans le service de l'Artillerie" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 64: 249–258.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1807). "Sur la blende" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 64: 150–154.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1807). "Des oxides de cuivre" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 65: 80–82.
- Joseph Louis Proust (1808). "Observations sur l'écrit de M Parmentier, inséré au Moniteur du 7 juin dernier, relatif aux moyens de remplacer le sucre dans la médecine et l'économie domestique" . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts (in French). 67: 43–54.
References
- ^ a b Windelspecht, Michael (2003-04-30). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 19th Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-313-31969-3.
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Proust, Joseph Louis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Gregersen, Erik (2011-01-15). The Britannica Guide to The Atom. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-61530-319-9.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "
Proust, Joseph Louis".
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