V

V v

Usage

Writing system

Latin script

Type

Alphabetic and Logographic

Language of origin

Latin language

Phonetic usage

Unicode codepoint

U+0056, U+0076

Alphabetical position

History

Development

- - - - Υ υ
        𐌖
        U
        V v

Time period

~-700 to present

Descendants

• U
• W
• ∨
• ℣
• Ꮴ
• Ꮙ
• Ꮩ

Sisters

F
Ѵ
У
Ў
Ұ
Ү
Ꝩ
ו
و
ܘ
וּ
וֹ
ࠅ
𐎆
𐡅
ወ
વ
ૂ ુ
उ

Transliteration equivalents

Y, U, W

Other

Other letters commonly used with

v(x)

Writing direction

Left-to-Right


ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
v t e

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee (pronounced /ˈviː/), plural vees.

Name

Catalan: ve (pronounced ); in dialects that lack contrast between /v/ and /b/, the letter is called ve baixa "low B/V".
Czech: vé
French: vé
German: Vau
Italian: vi or vu
Japanese: ⟨v⟩ is called a variety of names originating in English, most commonly ブイ or , but less nativized variants, violating to an extent the phonotactics of Japanese, of ヴィー , ヴイ or , and ヴィ are also used. The phoneme /v/ in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either /v/ or /b/ depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward /b/.
Polish: fał
Portuguese: vê
Spanish: uve is recommended, but ve is traditional. If ⟨v⟩ is referred to as the latter, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter ⟨b⟩ in Spanish (i.e. after pause or nasal sound, otherwise ); thus further terms are needed to distinguish ve from be. In some countries it is called ve corta, ve baja, ve pequeña, ve chica or ve labiodental.

History

Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician Waw	Western Greek Upsilon	Latin V

Ancient Corinthian vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos. The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the Greek alphabet. Perseus (Ancient Greek: ΠΕΡϺΕΥϺ) is inscribed as ⟨ϺVΕϺΡΕΠ⟩ (from right to left), using ⟨V⟩ to represent the vowel . San (⟨Ϻ⟩) is used instead of Sigma (⟨Σ⟩).

The letter ⟨v⟩ ultimately comes from the Phoenician letter waw by way of ⟨u⟩.

During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including /u/ and modern /v/. The pointed form ⟨v⟩ was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form ⟨u⟩ was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas valour and excuse appeared as in modern printing, have and upon were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩ is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where ⟨v⟩ preceded ⟨u⟩. By the mid-16th century, the ⟨v⟩ form was used to represent the consonant and ⟨u⟩ the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter ⟨v⟩. ⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later. The rounded variant became the modern-day version of ⟨u⟩, and the letter's former pointed form became ⟨v⟩.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation summary

Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Catalan	Central	/b/		See Betacism
Catalan	Most dialects	/v/
Cherokee		/ə̃/		Romanization
Mandarin Chinese	Standard	/y/		Substitute for ⟨ü⟩ in Pinyin romanization
Choctaw		/ə/		Substitute for ⟨ʋ⟩
Dutch	Some dialects	/f/
Dutch	Standard	/v/
English		/v/
Esperanto		/v/
Galician		/b/		See Betacism
German	Standard	/f/	Typically in Germanic words	See German orthography
German	Standard	/v/	Typically in loanwords	See German orthography
Indonesian		/f/
Italian		/v/
Irish		/vʲ/	After ⟨i⟩, or before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	Mainly found in loanwords
Irish		/w/		Mainly found in loanwords
Malay		/v/
Muscogee		/ə/ ~ /a/
Old Norse		/w/
Spanish		/b/		See Betacism

English

In English, ⟨v⟩ represents a voiced labiodental fricative.

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter ⟨v⟩:

Traditionally, ⟨v⟩ is not doubled to indicate a short vowel, the way, for example, ⟨p⟩ is doubled to indicate the difference between super and supper. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as savvy, divvy up and skivvies.
A word-final /v/ sound (except in of) is normally spelled -⟨ve⟩, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as Kyiv (Kiev), or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign.
The /ʌ/ sound is spelled ⟨o⟩, not ⟨u⟩, before the letter ⟨v⟩. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes (minims) in a row.

Like ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩, ⟨v⟩ is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. ⟨v⟩ is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British and Australian versions of the game of Scrabble. It is one of only two letters (the other being ⟨c⟩) that cannot be used this way in the American version. ⟨v⟩ is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.

Romance languages

The letter represents /v/ in several Romance languages, but in others it represents the same sound as ⟨b⟩, i.e. /b/, due to a process known as betacism. Betacism occurs in most dialects of Spanish, in some dialects of Catalan and Portuguese, as well as in Aragonese, Asturleonese and Galician.

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main allophones; in most environments it is pronounced , but after a pause or a nasal it is typically . See Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion.

In Corsican, ⟨v⟩ represents , , or , depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

Other languages

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of ⟨v⟩, from 1627

In most languages which use the Latin alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound.

In contemporary German, it represents /v/ in most loan-words, while in native German words it always represents /f/.

In standard Dutch it traditionally represents /v/, but in many regions it represents /f/ in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the Cherokee syllabary, ⟨v⟩ represents a nasalized schwa, /ə̃/.

In Chinese Pinyin, while v is not used, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used by most input methods to enter letter ⟨ü⟩, which most keyboards lack (Romanised Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use ⟨v⟩ as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written ⟨ü⟩ in pinyin and Wade–Giles.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents the voiced labiodental fricative.

Other uses

V is used to represent the Roman numeral of 5.
V is the symbol for vanadium. It is number 23 on the periodic table. Emerald derives its green coloring from either vanadium or chromium.
v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (e.g. Brown v. Board of Education).

Related characters

Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet

U u : Latin letter ⟨u⟩, originally the same letter as ⟨v⟩
W w : Latin letter ⟨w⟩, descended from ⟨u⟩
Ỽ ỽ : Middle Welsh ⟨v⟩
⟨v⟩ with diacritics: Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ʋ ʋ ᶌ
IPA-specific symbols related to ⟨v⟩: ⱱ ʋ
ᶹ : Modifier letter small ⟨v⟩ with hook is used in phonetic transcription
𐞰 : Modifier letter small ⟨v⟩ with right hook is a superscript IPA letter
Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: Turned ⟨v⟩
ⱴ : ⟨v⟩ with curl
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to ⟨v⟩:
- U+1D20 ᴠ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V
- U+1D5B ᵛ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V
- U+1D65 ᵥ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V
- U+2C7D ⱽ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which ⟨v⟩ derives
  - Y y : Latin letter ⟨y⟩, which, like ⟨v⟩, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date)
  - Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, also descended from Upsilon
  - У у : Cyrillic letter ⟨u⟩, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon
    - Ү ү : Cyrillic letter ⟨Ү⟩, descended from ⟨У⟩ and izhitsa and used in the scripts for languages in the former Soviet Union and currently the Russian Federation, as well as in Mongolian. Most commonly it represents /y/ or /ʏ/.

Ligatures and abbreviations

℣ : Versicle sign
Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of ⟨v⟩ were used for medieval scribal abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

Character information

Preview	V		v		Ｖ		ｖ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V		LATIN SMALL LETTER V		FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V		FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER V
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	86	U+0056	118	U+0076	65334	U+FF36	65366	U+FF56
UTF-8	86	56	118	76	239 188 182	EF BC B6	239 189 150	EF BD 96
Numeric character reference	V	V	v	v	Ｖ	Ｖ	ｖ	ｖ
EBCDIC family	229	E5	165	A5
ASCII 1	86	56	118	76

1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Victor	▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ


Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-1236 Unified English Braille

Notes

References

^ "V", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "vee", op. cit.
^ Díez Losada, Fernando (2004). La tribuna del idioma (in Spanish). Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 176. ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2.
^ Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany. trans. Gregory Bruhn. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ Collins Scrabble Dictionary Revised 6th edition (2022) Harper Collins ISBN 978 00085 2391 6
^ "2-Letter Words with Definitions". Australian Scrabble Players Association (ASPA). 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Hasbro staff (2014). "Scrabble word lists:2-Letter Words". Hasbro. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (2018) Merriam Webster ISBN 978 08777 9422 6
^ "Every Letter Is Silent, Sometimes". Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ "Roman Liturgy Fonts containing the response and versicle characters – Roman Liturgy". Roman Liturgy. 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.