Cantharellus cibarius

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For other fungi that share the common name golden chanterelle, see Golden chanterelle.

Cantharellus cibarius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Cantharellaceae
Genus: Cantharellus
Species:
C. cibarius
Binomial name
Cantharellus cibarius
Fr. (1821)
Synonyms
Species synonymy[1]
  • Agaricus cantharellus L. (1753)
  • Merulius cantharellus (L.) Scop. (1772)
  • Cantharellus vulgaris Gray (1821)
  • Merulius cibarius (Fr.) Westend. (1857)
  • Cantharellus rufipes Gillet (1878)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus Quél. (1883)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. rufipes (Gillet) Cooke (1883)
  • Cantharellus amethysteus (Quél.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Craterellus amethysteus (Quél.) Quél. (1888)
  • Craterellus cibarius (Fr.) Quél. (1888)
  • Merulius amethysteus (Quél.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Alectorolophoides cibarius (Fr.) Earle (1909)
  • Chanterel cantharellus (L.) Murrill (1910)
  • Cantharellus edulis Sacc. (1916)
  • Cantharellus pallens Pilát (1959)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus (Quél.) Cetto (1987)
Cantharellus cibarius
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Ridges on hymenium
Cap is infundibuliform
Hymenium is decurrent
Stipe is bare
Spore print is yellow to cream
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Cantharellus cibarius (Latin: cantharellus, "chanterelle"; cibarius, "culinary")[2] is the golden chanterelle, the type species of the chanterelle genus Cantharellus. It is also known as girolle (or girole).[3][4]

Despite its characteristic features, C. cibarius can be confused with species such as the poisonous Omphalotus illudens. The golden chanterelle is a commonly consumed and choice edible species.

Taxonomy

At one time, all yellow or golden chanterelles in North America had been classified as Cantharellus cibarius. Using DNA analysis, they have since been shown to be a group of related species known as the Cantharellus cibarius group or species complex, with C. cibarius sensu stricto restricted to Europe.[5][6][7] In 1997, C. formosus (the Pacific golden chanterelle) and C. cibarius var. roseocanus were identified,[8] followed by C. cascadensis in 2003[9] and C. californicus in 2008.[10] In 2018, an Asian species belonging to the C. cibarius complex has been described and sequenced, C. anzutake, recorded in Japan and Korea.[11]

Description

The mushroom is easy to detect and recognize in nature.[3] The body is 3–10 centimetres (1–4 inches) wide and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall. The color varies from yellow to dark yellow.[3][12] Red spots will appear on the cap of the mushroom if it is damaged.[13] Chanterelles have a faint aroma and flavor of apricots.[3][12]

Similar species

The species can resemble the dangerously poisonous Omphalotus illudens (eastern jack-o'lantern)[14] and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the false chanterelle).

Distribution and habitat

The species grows in Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly in deciduous and coniferous forests[3][12][5][6] and typically from June to December.[15]

Uses

A commonly eaten and favored mushroom, the chanterelle is typically harvested from late summer to late fall in its European distribution.[3]

Chanterelles are used in many culinary dishes,[3][12] and can be preserved by either drying or freezing. The use of an oven for drying is not recommended because it can make the mushroom bitter.[3]

References

  1. ^ "Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 1821". MycoBank. International Mycological Association.
  2. ^ "cibarius - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cantharellus cibarius Fr. - Chanterelle". First Nature. 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Golden chanterelle (girolle)". Missouri Department of Conservation. 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b Kuo, Michael. "Cantharellus 'cibarius'". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  6. ^ a b Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie; Olariaga, Ibai (September 2016). "Setting the Record Straight on North American Cantharellus". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 37 (3): 405–417. doi:10.7872/crym/v37.iss3.2016.405. S2CID 89596664.
  7. ^ Thorn, R. Greg; Kim, Jee In; Lebeuf, Renée; Voitk, Andrus (June 2017). "The golden chanterelles of Newfoundland and Labrador: a new species, a new record for North America, and a lost species rediscovered" (PDF). Botany. 95 (6): 547–560. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. ^ Redhead, S.A.; Norvell, L.L.; Danell, E. (1997). "Cantharellus formosus and the Pacific Golden Chanterelle harvest in Western North America". Mycotaxon. 65: 285–322.
  9. ^ Dunham, S.M.; O'Dell, T.E.; Molina, R. (2003). "Analysis of nrDNA sequences and microsatellite allele frequencies reveals a cryptic chanterelle species Cantharellus cascadensis sp. nov. from the American Pacific Northwest". Mycological Research. 107 (10): 1163–77. doi:10.1017/s0953756203008475. PMID 14635765.
  10. ^ Arora, D.; Dunham, S.M. (2008). "A new, commercially valuable chanterelle species, Cantharellus californicus sp. nov., associated with live oak in California, USA" (PDF). Economic Botany. 62 (3): 376–91. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9042-7. S2CID 19220345. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  11. ^ Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie; Ryoo, Rhim; Ka, Kang-Hyeon; Antonín, Vladimír (2020-12-22). "New Cantharellus species from South Korea". MycoKeys. 76: 31–47. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.76.58179. ISSN 1314-4049. PMC 7772287. PMID 33384572.
  12. ^ a b c d Dyson Forbes (13 April 2017). "Learn about chanterelle mushrooms". Forbes Wild Foods. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  13. ^ "Cantharellus 'cibarius'". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  14. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  15. ^ Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). Concise Foraging Guide. The Wildlife Trusts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4729-8474-6.