SpaceX CRS-4

In today's world, SpaceX CRS-4 is a recurring theme that has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. Whether due to its impact on society, its relevance in popular culture or its influence in the professional field, SpaceX CRS-4 has become a constant point of discussion. From its origins to its present day, SpaceX CRS-4 has left its mark on different aspects of daily life, generating conflicting opinions and passionate debates. In this article, we will thoroughly explore the phenomenon of SpaceX CRS-4 and analyze its most relevant aspects, seeking to understand its importance and its possible implications for the future.

"CRS-4" redirects here. For the Orbital ATK CRS-4 mission, see Cygnus CRS Orb-4. For the Sardinian research centre, see CRS4.

SpaceX CRS-4
CRS-4 Dragon approaching ISS on 23 September 2014
NamesSpX-4
Mission typeISS resupply
OperatorSpaceX
COSPAR ID2014-056A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.40210Edit this on Wikidata
Mission duration34 days, 13 hours, 46 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftDragon 1 C106
Spacecraft typeDragon 1
ManufacturerSpaceX
Launch mass6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
Dry mass4,200 kg (9,300 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date21 September 2014, 05:52:03 UTC[1]
RocketFalcon 9 v1.1 (B1010)
Launch siteCape Canaveral, SLC-40[2][3]
End of mission
DisposalRecovered
Landing date25 October 2014, 19:39 UTC [4]
Landing siteAtlantic Ocean
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Inclination51.6°
Berthing at International Space Station
Berthing portHarmony nadir
RMS capture23 September 2014, 10:52 UTC [5]
Berthing date23 September 2014, 13:21 UTC [5]
Unberthing date25 October 2014, 12:02 UTC
RMS release25 October 2014, 13:56 UTC [6]
Time berthed31 days, 22 hours, 41 minutes
Cargo
Mass2,216 kg (4,885 lb) [1]
Pressurised1,627 kg (3,587 lb)
Unpressurised589 kg (1,299 lb)

NASA SpX-4 mission patch

SpaceX CRS-4, also known as SpX-4,[7] was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS), contracted to NASA, which was launched on 21 September 2014 and arrived at the space station on 23 September 2014. It was the sixth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft, and the fourth SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services contract. The mission brought equipment and supplies to the space station, including the first 3D printer to be tested in space, a device to measure wind speed on Earth, and small satellites to be launched from the station. It also brought 20 mice for long-term research aboard the ISS.

Launch history

Liftoff of SpaceX CRS-4 aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle on 21 September 2014

After a scrub due to poor weather conditions on 20 September 2014, the launch occurred on 21 September 2014 at 05:52 UTC from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida.[1][2]

Primary payload

NASA contracted for the CRS-4 mission and therefore determined the primary payload, date/time of launch, and target orbital parameters. The CRS-4 lifted off on 21 September 2014 with a payload consisted of 4,885 lb (2,216 kg) of cargo, including 1,380 lb (630 kg) of crew supplies.[8] The cargo included the ISS-RapidScat, a Scatterometer designed to support weather forecasting by bouncing microwaves off the ocean's surface to measure wind speed, which was launched as an external payload to be attached on the end of the station's Columbus laboratory.[9] CRS-4 also includes the Space Station Integrated Kinetic Launcher for Orbital Payload Systems (SSIKLOPS), which will provide still another means to release other small satellites from the ISS.[10]

In addition, CRS-4 carried a new permanent life science research facility to the station: the Bone Densitometer (BD) payload, developed by Techshot, which provides a bone density scanning capability on ISS for utilization by NASA and the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS). The system measures bone mineral density (and lean and fat tissue) in mice using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA).[11] The Rodent Research Hardware System was also carried to the ISS as part of the payload.

Secondary payloads

SpaceX has primary control over manifesting, scheduling and loading secondary payloads. However, there are certain restrictions included in their contract with NASA that preclude specified hazards on the secondary payloads, and also require contract-specified probabilities of success and safety margins for any SpaceX reboosts of the secondary satellites once the Falcon 9 second stage has achieved its initial low Earth orbit (LEO).

The CRS-4 mission carried the 3D Printing in Zero-G Experiment to the ISS, as well as a small satellite as secondary payload that will be deployed from the ISS: SPINSAT.[12] It also brought 20 mice for long-term physiological research in space.[5]

3D Printing in Zero-G Experiment

The 3D Printing in Zero-G Experiment will demonstrate the use of 3D printing technology in space. 3D printing works by the process of extruding streams of heated material (plastic, metal, etc.) and building a three-dimensional structure layer-upon-layer. The 3D Printing in Zero-G Experiment will test the 3D printer specifically designed for microgravity, by Made In Space, Inc., of Mountain View, California. Made In Space's customized 3D printer will be the first device to manufacture parts away from planet Earth. The 3D Printing in Zero-G Experiment will validate the capability of additive manufacturing in zero-gravity.[13] This experiment on the International Space Station is the first step towards establishing an on-demand machine shop in space, a critical enabling component for deep-space crewed missions and in-space manufacturing.[14]

SPINSAT

SPINSAT is a 56 cm (22 in)-diameter sphere built by the U.S. government Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to study atmospheric density.

SPINSAT is a technology demonstrator for electric solid propellant (ESP) thrusters from Digital Solid State Propulsion (DSSP).[12] DSSP's technology utilizes electric propulsion to enable small satellites to make orbital maneuvers that have generally not been possible in the very small, mass-constrained satellites such as CubeSats and nanosats.[15] This will be DSSP's first flight and will be deployed from the Kibō module airlock. NASA safety experts approved the mission — which by its nature must start with the satellite inside the habitable volume of the ISS — because the satellite's 12 thruster-clusters burn an inert solid fuel, and then only when an electric charge is passed across it.[16]

Rodent Research Hardware System

Main article: Rodent Research Hardware System

The mission also brought 20 mice to live on the ISS for study of the long-term effects of microgravity on the rodents using the Rodent Research Hardware System.[5]

First stage landing attempt

Main article: SpaceX reusable launch system development program

The Falcon 9 first stage for the CRS-4 mission re-entered the atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean off the East Coast of the United States. Its re-entry was captured on video by a NASA WB-57 aircraft as part of research into high-speed Mars atmospheric entry.[17]

In November 2015, a panel from this first stage was found floating off the Isles of Scilly in the southwest United Kingdom.[18][19] Although much of the media suggested the part came from the later CRS-7 launch which exploded, SpaceX confirmed it came from CRS-4.[20]

Dragon reuse

The structural core of the CRS-4 Dragon capsule, Dragon C106, was refurbished and reused in the SpaceX CRS-11 mission, the first Dragon capsule to be reused.

SpaceX CRS-4
  • Launch of CRS-4
    Launch of CRS-4
  • Long-exposure image of launch
    Long-exposure image of launch
  • CRS-4 docked to the ISS
    CRS-4 docked to the ISS
  • Dragon descending under parachutes
    Dragon descending under parachutes

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Schierholz, Stephanie (21 September 2014). "NASA Cargo Launches to Space Station aboard SpaceX Resupply Mission". NASA. Retrieved 21 September 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b "Tracking Station: Launch Log". Spaceflight Now. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  3. ^ "SpaceX Launch Manifest". SpaceX. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  4. ^ Garcia, Mark (25 October 2014). "Dragon Splashes Down — SpaceX CRS-4 Ends". NASA. Retrieved 30 June 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ a b c d Bergin, Chris (22 September 2014). "SpaceX's CRS-4 Dragon completes Tuesday arrival at ISS". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  6. ^ Bergin, Chris (25 October 2014). "CRS-4: SpaceX Dragon returns back to Earth". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  7. ^ Suffredini, Mike (14 April 2014). "International Space Station Program Status" (PDF). NASA. p. 18. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  8. ^ Poladian, Charles (20 September 2014). "SpaceX Launch Delayed, Watch The Rescheduled ISS Cargo Resupply Mission Sunday". International Business Times.
  9. ^ Rodriguez, Joshua (29 October 2013). "Watching Earth's Winds, On a Shoestring". NASA. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  10. ^ Wolverton, Mark (3 April 2014). "Meet Space Station's Small Satellite Launcher Suite". NASA. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  11. ^ "Bone Densitometer". NASA. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ a b "Dragon C2, CRS-1,... CRS-12". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  13. ^ "Made In Space and NASA to Send First 3D Printer into Space". Made In Space. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  14. ^ "3D Printing In Zero-G Technology Demonstration (3D Printing In Zero-G)". NASA. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ Messier, Doug (6 April 2014). "Digital Solid State Propulsion is Headed to ISS". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  16. ^ "Spinsat". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  17. ^ "Commercial Rocket Test Helps Prep for Journey to Mars". NASA. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  18. ^ Ferreira, Becky (27 November 2015). "A SpaceX Rocket Washed Up in England After 14 Months at Sea". Vice.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  19. ^ Brian, Matt (27 November 2015). "Debris from SpaceX's Falcon 9 washes up in England". Engadget. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  20. ^ "Scilly space rocket Falcon 9 did not explode". BBC News. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
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