Voiced uvular trill

Voiced uvular trill
ʀ
IPA Number	123
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʀ
Unicode (hex)	U+0280
X-SAMPA	R\
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Voiced uvular fricative trill
ʀ̝

The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.

Features

Features of the voiced uvular trill:

• Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates. Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.
• Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Distribution of guttural r (such as ) in Europe in the mid-20th century.   not usual   only in some educated speech   usual in educated speech   general

There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence. In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative or a voiced uvular approximant .

The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape Province	rooi		'red'	May be a fricative instead. See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	North Mesopotamian	قمر		'moon'	Corresponds to in most other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Breton	Kerneveg	bro		'country'	Corresponds to in standard Breton. See Breton phonology
Catalan	Some northern dialects	córrer		'to run'	See Catalan phonology
Dutch	Belgian Limburg	rood		'red'	More commonly a flap. Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad. Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
	Central Netherlands
	Randstad
	Southern Netherlands
	Flemish Brabant				More commonly a flap. It is one of the least common realizations of /r/ in these areas. See Dutch phonology
	Northern Netherlands
	West Flanders
English	Cape Flats	red		'red'	Possible realization of /r/; may be instead. See South African English phonology
	Northumbrian dialect				More often a fricative. Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology
	Sierra Leonean				More often a fricative.
French		rendez-vous		'rendezvous', 'appointment'	Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative . See French phonology
German	Standard	rot		'red'	In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See Standard German phonology
Hebrew		ירוק		'green'	May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Italian	Some speakers	raro		'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill , due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a voiced uvular fricative or a labiodental approximant . See Italian phonology.
Japreria		peŕo		'dog'	Contrasts with flap , represented orthographically by ŕ.
Judaeo-Spanish		mujer		'woman', 'wife'
Low Saxon	Zwols	priezen/prysen		'prices'	Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle.
Luxembourgish		Rou		'silence'	Prevocalic allophone of /ʀ/. See Luxembourgish phonology
Occitan	Eastern	garric		'oak'	Contrasts with alveolar trill ( 'cured')
	Provençal	parts		'parts'	See Occitan phonology
	Southern Auvergnat	garçon		'son'
	Southeastern Limousin	filh
Norwegian	Southern dialects	rar		'strange'	Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
	Southwestern dialects
Portuguese	European	rarear		'to get scarcer'	Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See Portuguese phonology
	Fluminense	mercado		'market', 'fair'	Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In coda position, it is generally in free variation with , , , and before non-voicing environments.
	Sulista	repolho		'cabbage'	Alternates with the alveolar trill and depending on the region. Never used in coda.
Romani	Some dialects	rrom		'man'	Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed /ɽ/. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with /r/
Selkup	Northern dialects	ӄаӄри		'sledge'	Allophone of /q/ before liquids
Sioux	Lakota	ǧí		'it's brown'	Allophone of /ʁ/ before /i/
Sotho	Regional variant	moriri		'hair'	Imported from French missionaries. See Sesotho phonology
Swedish	Southern	räv		'fox'	See Swedish phonology
Yiddish	Standard	בריק		'bridge'	More commonly a flap ; can be alveolar instead. See Yiddish phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 225.
2. ^ Map based on Trudgill (1974:220)
3. ^ Trudgill (1974:221), citing Moulton (1952), Ewert (1963), and Martinet (1969)
4. ^ a b Bisiada (2009).
5. ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
6. ^ Wheeler (2005), pp. 24.
7. ^ Booij (1999), p. 8.
8. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42, 54, 77, 165, 199–200.
9. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001), pp. 91–92, 94–97, 99–104.
10. ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), pp. 45–46, 51, 53–55, 58.
11. ^ Verhoeven (2005), pp. 243 and 245.
12. ^ a b c Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), p. 52.
13. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 42.
14. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 209.
15. ^ a b c d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), p. 54.
16. ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), pp. 52 and 54.
17. ^ a b Finn (2004), p. 976.
18. ^ a b c d Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
19. ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2008), pp. 22–36.
20. ^ Hall (1993), p. 89.
21. ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
22. ^ "Picture Dictionary: Japreria Animals". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
23. ^ The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.
24. ^ Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle. Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).
25. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
26. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
27. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
28. ^ a b Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese (in Portuguese)
29. ^ Rood & Taylor (1996).
30. ^ Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.
31. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:225–226)
32. ^ a b Kleine (2003:263)

References

• Bisiada, Mario (2009), " in Germanic Dialects — Tradition or Innovation?", Vernacular, 1: 84–99
• Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
• Canepari, Luciano (1999) , Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian) (2 ed.), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) , The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
• Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
• Ewert, A. (1963), The French Language, London: Faber
• Finn, Peter (2004), "Cape Flats English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 964–984, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2008), Le Bon Usage (14th ed.), De Boeck et Larcier
• Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743, JSTOR 4615428, S2CID 195707076
• Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
• Martinet, A. (1969), Le Français sans fard, Paris: Presses Universitaires
• Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
• Moulton, W.G. (1952), "Jacob Böhme's uvular r", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 51: 83–89
• Rood, David S.; Taylor, Allan R. (1996), "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I", Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 17, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 440–482, archived from the original on 2012-07-12, retrieved 2014-11-14
• Trudgill, Peter (1974), "Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect", Language in Society, 3 (2): 215–246, doi:10.1017/S0047404500004358, S2CID 145148233
• Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
• Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7

External links

• List of languages with on PHOIBLE

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille
Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant Nasal palatal approximant Voiceless bidental fricative Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

v t e The letter R
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill Voiced alveolar trill Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant Voiceless alveolar tap Voiced alveolar tap Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced retroflex approximant Voiced retroflex flap Voiced retroflex trill Voiced velar approximant Voiced velar bunched approximant Voiceless velar fricative Voiced velar fricative Voiceless uvular trill Voiced uvular trill Voiceless uvular fricative Voiced uvular fricative Voiced pharyngeal fricative Voiceless glottal fricative Voiced glottal fricative
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)