Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɕ | |||
| IPA Number | 182 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɕ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0255 | ||
| X-SAMPA | s\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɕ⟩ ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ⟨ʑ⟩). It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç˖⟩.
Features
alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
In English
In British Received Pronunciation, /j/ after syllable-initial /p, t, k/ (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal in the /tj/ sequence: . It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch.
The corresponding affricate can be written with ⟨t̠ʲ͡ɕ⟩ or ⟨c̟͡ɕ⟩ in narrow IPA, though ⟨tɕ⟩ is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as ⟨t̺ɕ⟩ as /t/ is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition.
An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /tʃ/: (see yod-coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved /tj/, where the sequence tends to merge with the plain /t/ instead: (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow /j/ to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | щы/šə | 'three' | |||
| Assamese | ব্ৰিটিছ/British | 'British' | |||
| Bengali | শকুন | 'Vulture' | May be transliterated as ʃ | ||
| Catalan | caixa | 'box' | See Catalan phonology | ||
| Chinese | Some Hokkien dialects | 心/sin | 'heart' | Allophone of /s/ before /i/. | |
| Mandarin | 西安/Xī'ān | 'Xi'an' | Complementary distribution allophone of /ʂ/ in front of high front vowels and palatal glides. See Mandarin phonology. | ||
| Chuvash | çиçĕм/şişĕm | 'lightning' | Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. Lenis when intervocalic. | ||
| Danish | sjæl | 'soul' | See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch | Some speakers | sjabloon | 'template' | May be or instead. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Cardiff | human | 'human' | Phonetic realization of /hj/. More front and more strongly fricated than RP . Broad varieties drop the /h/: . See English phonology | |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation | tuesday | 'Tuesday' | Allophone of /j/ after syllable-initial /t/ (which is alveolar in this sequence), may be only partially devoiced. /tj/ is often realized as an affricate in British English. Mute in General American: . Typically transcribed with ⟨j⟩ in broad IPA. See English phonology, yod-coalescence and yod-dropping | ||
| Some Canadian English | |||||
| Ghanaian | ship | 'ship' | Educated speakers may use , to which this phone corresponds in other dialects. | ||
| Guarani | Paraguayan | che | 'I' | ||
| Hindi | शनिवार | Saturday | Sometimes may be transliterated as 'ʃ' | ||
| Japanese | 塩/shio | 'salt' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Korean | 시/詩/si | 'poem' | See Korean phonology. | ||
| Kabardian | щэ/ščè | 'hundred' | |||
| Lower Sorbian | pśijaśel | 'friend' | |||
| Luxembourgish | liicht | 'light' | Allophone of /χ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with . See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Marathi | शेतकरी/shetkari | 'farmer' | Contrasts with . Allophone of . See Marathi phonology. | ||
| Malayalam | കുരിശ്/kuriś | 'Cross' | See Malayalam phonology | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | kjekk | 'handsome' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç⟩; less often realized as palatal . Younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish | śruba | 'screw' | Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | mexendo | 'moving' | Also described as palato-alveolar . See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romani | Kalderash | ćhavo | 'Romani boy; son' | Realized as in conservative dialects. | |
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects | ce | 'what' | Realized as in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | счастье/schast'e | 'happiness' | Also represented by ⟨щ⟩. Contrasts with /ʂ/, /s/, and /sʲ/. See Russian phonology | ||
| Sema | ashi | 'meat' | Possible allophone of /ʃ/ before /i, e/. | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian | miš će | 'the mouse will' | Allophone of /ʃ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Some speakers of Montenegrin | с́утра/śutra | 'tomorrow' | Phonemically /sj/ or, in some cases, /s/. | ||
| Swedish | Finland | sjok | 'chunk' | Allophone of /ɧ/. | |
| Sweden | kjol | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Tibetan | Lhasa dialect | བཞི་/bzhi | 'four' | Contrasts with /ʂ/. | |
| Tatar | өчпочмак/өçpoçmaq | 'triangle' | |||
| Uzbek | |||||
| Xumi | Lower | 'one hundred' | |||
| Upper | |||||
| Yámana (Yahgan) | Šúša | 'penguin' | |||
| Yi | ꑟ/xi | 'thread' | |||
| Zhuang | cib | 'ten' | |||
See also
References
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:172–173), Cruttenden (2014:229–231). The first source specifies the place of articulation of /j/ after /t/ as more front than the main allophone of /j/.
- ^ Cruttenden (2014), p. 177.
- ^ Esling (2010), p. 693.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 173, 306.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 230–231.
- ^ a b c Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Changes in progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping". Journal of English Linguistics. Excerpts from article "Social embedding of changes in progress". 26. Canada: U.Toronto. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 90.
- ^ a b Huber (2004:859)
- ^ Okada (1999:117)
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
- ^ Silva (2003:32)
- ^ Guimarães (2004)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Medina (2010)
- ^ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVI–XVII)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Teo (2012:368)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
Sources
- Boretzky, Nobert; Igla, Birgit (1994). Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum: mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten. Wiesbaden, DE: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-03459-9.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the variety of the lower and middle reaches of the Shuiluo River". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, conflict, and change. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 87–103. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
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- Zygis, Marzena (2003). "Phonetic and phonological aspects of Slavic sibilant fricatives". ZAS Papers in Linguistics. 3: 175–213. doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191.
